One striking feature, also evident in the sorted raw profiles sections of Figure 2, is the smooth transition between SUW and GCW across the dynamic height range. It is accompanied by a weakly stratified and warm temperature anomaly. The salinity maximum between 100 and 300 dbar associated with the SUW is particularly evident in the high end of the dynamic height range. Yearly averaged GEM fields are shown in Figure 3 for temperature, salinity, and potential density (referenced to the surface). In that regard, the GEM can be thought of as a transfer function.
The GEMs are transfer functions that associate a value of temperature and salinity for each variable pair, the GEM fields provide a single value of temperature and salinity, so that the three-dimensional structure of the ocean can be inferred from any two-dimensional map of ADT. Reconstruction of the Loop Current rings (LCRs) vertical structure from sea surface height observations is made possible by the use of the gravest empirical modes method (GEM). The three-dimensional structure of Gulf of Mexico’s warm-core rings, detaching from the Loop Current, is investigated using satellite altimetry and a large set of ARGO float profiles.
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